Năm 1980, lãnh đạo công ty đã được đưa ra chỉ huy thứ hai, một technocrat. Lãnh đạo này được phân tích, kiên quyết và rực rỡ. Patricia Pitcher tin rằng một người sẽ tìm thấy phân cấp một sloppy cách kinh doanh. Vì vậy, tổng giám đốc mới bắt đầu tập trung các quá trình ra quyết định. Ông thành lập một trụ sở mới thay thế các đơn vị trực thuộc thẩm quyền. Tất cả các thợ thủ công và nghệ sĩ chạy các công ty con dần dần đã sa thải và thay thế bằng 'có thẩm quyền chuyên gia' hoặc technocrats bởi năm 1992. Trong vòng ba năm các "tổ chức đã chết." Nếu các chuyên gia trong trường hợp như vậy rực rỡ, những gì gây ra công ty thất bại?Pitcher suggests that the company failed because "If you [do not have] respect for the emotional qualities that come in the imaginative package, you drive out the peculiar vision of an Artist. If you equate experienced with outmoded or old-fashioned, you drive out the Craftsman, who inspires the loyalty and the dedication, and who knows what making widgets is all about. If you fire people for making one mistake, nobody’s going to go out on a limb to make any. Innovation stops. An organization without loyalty, dedication, skill, and dreams can go downhill very fast" (p. 33). She points out that running a modern company requires "all kinds of perspectives – even the cerebral, analytical and uncompromising. The Artists and Craftsmen can live with those different perspectives, but the Technocrat cannot" (p. 33). What does this perspective reveal about the relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership effectiveness?To answer the question, an examination of the influence of emotional intelligence on the two leaders is required. The first chief executive officer demonstrated most of the attributes associated with emotional intelligence. Accurate self-assessment (self-awareness) was demonstrated by his ability to know his limits and his strengths. He surrounded himself with people who had abilities he did not, e.g. the craftsmen, other artists and technocrats. Daring to follow his dream demonstrated self-confidence (self-awareness) and innovation (self-regulation), aspects of emotional intelligence (Goleman, 1998). His openness to new ideas, decentralization of power and his constant learning (shown by asking questions at board meetings and listening to the responses), demonstrated empathy.Empathy is being aware of the feelings of others, their concerns and needs. It can be broken down into seeking understanding, development of others’ abilities, leveraging diversity to allow new ideas and opportunities to be heard, and being politically aware of a team’s needs and power structure (Goleman, 1998). The CEO’s social skill, another aspect of emotional intelligence, was demonstrated by cultivating relationships with investors, colleagues, and his employees. These aspects lead to trust which is the second most important characteristic of emotional intelligence (Cooper, 1997).Trustworthiness is an important element in a leader’s makeup as shown in the previously described study. Without trust, much time and effort is spent on non-productive activities because leaders feel compelled to draw up procedures in great detail, even for simple transactions (Copper, 1997). Innovation will stop when subordinates do not trust the leaders. Creativity will vanish if the sense of trust in an organization is lost and if people are preoccupied with protecting their backs. (Cooper, 1997). The second CEO probably lost the trust of his employees as a result of his lack of emotional intelligence.
Because the new CEO was not aware of how his actions and emotions were affecting others, he could be considered to be lacking in emotional intelligence (Ryback, 1998). Pitcher said that he blamed others for problems and did not look at the situational forces people were reacting to. In order for the technocratic leader to be able to see the situation realistically he must be aware of his own influence on the situation and the motives of others involved. According to Manfred F R Kets de Vries "to be able to decipher these deeper motives-to tease out the emotional, cognitive, and experiential components…requires the capacity to "listen with the third ear… an awareness about our own feelings, the knowledge and skill to handle those feelings, and an appreciation of emotions in other people (empathy)" (1999, p. 752). Mike Miller’s (1999) opinion is that many managers fail because they are too rigid and have poor relationships. As a consequence they are unable to adapt to changes in the business environment, organization, culture, work processes, and technology. Managers unable to receive or respond to feedback are unable to determine how they need to change their approach to leading others. This will alienate the people they work with by "being overly harsh in their criticisms, manipulative, insensitive, unethical, and untrustworthy. They cling to autocratic, outdated methods of direction and control. These managers demonstrate clearly that being technically talented is not enough to drive success" (Miller, 1999, p. 25).
It is apparent the second CEO was ignoring how his emotions influenced his actions in favor of an analytical or autocratic approach to management. Without emotional intelligence, the technocrat CEO was limited in his ability to influence people in a positive way, e.g. he did not help people to develop their potential. Being able to influence people is an important part of being an effective leader. It is easy to assign a project. It is another matter to persuade a colleague or superior to change his or her mind about a policy decision (Church, Waclawski, 1999). Clearly the major difference between the first and second CEOs was the level of emotional intelligence shown by each. While IQ serves as the entry-level requirement for executive positions, "emotional intelligence is the sine qua non of leadership" (Goleman, 1998, p. 94). An example of how emotional intelligence is used to express leadership is in the book "Seven Habits of Highly Effective People" by Stephen R. Covey (1989). xx
According to Covey the effect of developing the first three habits significantly increases self-confidence. You will come to know yourself in a deeper, more meaningful way. Understanding of one’s nature, deepest set of values and unique contribution capacity becomes clearer. This is the foundation of emotional intelligence as defined by Daniel Goleman – self-awareness. It is also the building of motivational ability. Covey continues, saying that as the first three habits continue to be developed, one’s sense of identity, integrity, control and inner-directedness will increase. There will be an increase in caring about what others think of themselves and their relationship to you. This is the development of the self-regulation and empathy aspects of emotional intelligence. The next three habits describe the social skills of emotional intelligence. They help a person to heal and rebuild important relationships. Good relationships will improve, becoming more solid, more creative and more adventuresome. The seventh habit is developing one’s self through the use of the first six habits. It is taking the time to reflect or further develop self-awareness.
Take into account the words used by Warren Bennis (1994) to describe a leader. He uses the words integrity, self-knowledge, enthusiasm, vision, purpose, pursue goals, and honesty. These are the same words used to describe various facets of emotional intelligence. Bennis in his book "On Becoming a Leader" (p. 44-45) has a list of interesting differences between a manager and a leader and they are given in the table below.
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