Research on the alcohol access environment, however, has beenunequivocal: recent systematic reviews have suggested that the alcoholaccess environment is a powerful place-based risk factor fordrinking behaviors, especially for adolescents (Bryden et al., 2012;Popova, Giesbrecht, Bekmuradov, & Patra, 2009). A positive associationbetween alcohol outlet density and underage drinking has been foundin both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in several Westernsocieties, including in the United States (Chen, Grube, & Gruenewald,2010; Paschall, Lipperman-Kreda, & Grube, 2014), Australia (Azar et al.,2016; Livingston, Laslett, & Dietze, 2008; Rowland et al., 2014, 2016),New Zealand (Huckle et al., 2008), and Switzerland (Kuntsche, Kuendig,& Gmel, 2008). According to Availability Theory, increased proximityto alcohol outlets creates an “alcogenic” environment that notonly increases alcohol access but also establishes pro-alcohol norms,both of which in turn increase the risk of underage drinking (Livingston,Chikritzhs, & Room, 2007). To date, only few studies haveexamined the impact of alcohol outlets on underage drinking in Taiwan(Chen et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2013), and none has adopted alongitudinal design to examine this relationship
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