Every country has some unemployables, people whose productivity is so low that they cannot keep any job for long and fall back upon public or private charity. usually their numbers are relativity small
some workers, while not unemployable, are much below the average in efficiency. they are slow workers. if employed on piece-rates, they earn much less than their fellow workers. their slowness may be due to some physical or mental disability. they can keep jobs at relativity low wages, corresponding to their low productivity. but if a general minimum wage is fixed by law, they will often be out of work, because they will not be worth the minimum wage. some industries employ casual labor, which is needed only for a short periods of times. for example, a construction firm is seldom able to get a steady flow of construction projects, which would enable to give continuous employment to fixed number of workers. when it has a lot of contracts, it hires extra workers, anh when it has less to do, it dismisses them. they may soon be able to find work with other firms, but if the total demand for construction has fallen, they may be out of work some time.
another type of unemployment depends on a dramatic change in the methods of production of an industry, which enables fewer workers to produce the same output. in most case, employment will probably the reduced for a time in the industry that adopts the new methods. then the question of mobility arises; how rapidly can the workers no longer needed in that industry find other jobs elsewhere? the way to keep such disturbances toa minimum is to promote the mobility of labor.
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