Key Terms correctness 166 correctne

Key Terms correctness 166
correctness proof 167
defect 155
desk check 175
error 155
execution-based testing 163
failure 155
fault 155
fault density 162
fault detection effi ciency 162
fault detection rate 162
follow-up 160
inspection 159
inspection rate 162
loop invariant 169
managerial independence 156
mean time between
failures 164
sch76183_ch06_154-182.indd 177 04/06/10 1:28 PM
178 Part A Software Engineering Concepts
mean time to repair 164
mistake 155
model checking 174
moderator 160
non-execution-based testing
157
overview 159
performance 165
preparation 159
quality 156
reader 160
recorder 160
regression testing 176
reliability 164
rework 160
robustness 165
simulator 164
software quality assurance
(SQA) 156
systematic testing 175
test workfl ow 155
testing 155
utility 164
V & V 155
validation 155
verifi cation 155
Problems 6.1 How are the termscorrectness proving, verifi cation, andvalidation used in this book?
6.2 A software development organization currently employs 91 software professionals, including 18 managers, all of whom develop as well as test software. The latest fi gures show that
26 percent of their time is spent on testing activities. The average annual cost to the company of
a manager is $162,000, whereas nonmanagerial professionals cost $121,000 a year on average;
both fi gures include overhead. Use cost–benefi t analysis to determine whether a separate SQA
group should be set up within the organization.
6.3 Repeat the cost–benefi t analysis of Problem 6.2 for a fi rm with only eight software professionals, including three managers. Assume that the other fi gures remain unchanged.
6.4 You have been testing a code artifact for 11 days and found two faults. What does this tell you
about the existence of other faults?
6.5 What are the similarities between a walkthrough and an inspection? What are the differences?
6.6 You are a member of the SQA group at Ye Olde Fashioned Software. You suggest to your manager that inspections be introduced. He responds that he sees no reason why four people should
waste their time looking for faults when one person can run test cases on the same piece of
code. How do you respond?
6.7 You are the SQA manager at Farm and Field, a national chain of 1539 farm supply stores. Your
organization is considering buying a stock-control package for use throughout the organization.
Before authorizing the purchase of the package, you decide to test it thoroughly. What properties of the package do you investigate?
6.8 All 1539 stores in the Farm and Field organization are now to be connected by a communications network. A sales representative is offering you a 6-week free trial to experiment with the
communications package he is trying to sell you. What sort of software tests would you perform
and why?
6.9 You are a rear admiral in the Valerian Navy in charge of developing the software for controlling
the ship-to-ship missile of Problem 1.4. The software has been delivered to you for acceptance
testing. What properties of the software do you test?
6.10 Consider the following code fragment:
k = 0;
g = 1;
while (k < n)
{
k = k + 1;
g = g * k;
}
sch76183_ch06_154-182.indd 178 04/06/10 1:28 PM
Chapter 6 Testing 179
Prove that this code fragment correctly computes g = n! if n is a positive integer.
6.11 Consider the following code fragment:
m = 1;
q = 2;
while (m < n)
{
m = m + 1;
q = q * 2;
}
Prove that this code fragment correctly computes q = 2n if n ∈ {1, 2, 3, . . . }.
6.12 Can correctness proving solve the problem that the product as delivered to the client may not be
what the client really needs? Give reasons for your answer.
6.13 How should Dijkstra’s statement (Section 6.3) be changed to apply to correctness proofs rather
than testing? Bear in mind the mini case study of Section 6.5.2.
6.14 Design and implement a solution to the Naur text-processing problem (Section 6.5.2) using
the language specifi ed by your instructor. Execute it against test data and record the number of
faults you fi nd and the cause of each fault (e.g., logic fault, loop counter fault). Do not correct
any of the faults you detect. Now exchange products with a fellow student and see how many
faults each of you fi nds in the other’s product and whether or not they are new faults. Again
record the cause of each fault and compare the fault types found by each of you. Tabulate the
results for the class as a whole.
6.15 Why is there a need to distinguish between a fault, a failure, and an error? Surely the use of the
umbrella termdefect simplifi es matters?
6.16 Give an example of a software product that has been successfully maintained for many years,
but has lost its usefulness and has been superseded by a totally different product.
6.17 (Term Project) Explain how you would test the utility, reliability, robustness, performance, and
correctness of the Chocoholics Anonymous product in Appendix A.
6.18 (Readings in Software Engineering) Your instructor will distribute copies of [Ostrand, Weyuker,
and Bell, 2005]. What is your view on using regression models to predict fault numbers and
locations? Justify your answer.
References [Aberdour, 2007] M. ABERDOUR, “Achieving Quality in Open-Source Software,”IEEE Software24
(January–February 2007), pp. 58–64.
[Ackerman, Buchwald, and Lewski, 1989] A. F. ACKERMAN, L. S. BUCHWALD, AND F. H. LEWSKI,
“Software Inspections: An Effective Verifi cation Process,”IEEE Software6 (May 1989),
pp. 31–36.
[Ammann and Offutt, 2008] P. AMMANN AND J. OFFUTT,Introduction to Software Testing, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2008.
[Beizer, 1990] B. BEIZER,Software Testing Techniques, 2nd ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New
York, 1990.
[Berry and Wing, 1985] D. M. BERRY AND J. M. WING, “Specifying and Prototyping: Some Thoughts
on Why They Are Successful,” in:Formal Methods and Software Development, Proceedings of
the International Joint Conference on Theory and Practice of Software Development , Vol. 2,
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1985, pp. 117–28.
sch76183_ch06_154-182.indd 179 04/06/10 1:28 PM
180 Part A Software Engineering Concepts
[Boehm and Basili, 2001] B. BOEHM AND V. R. BASILI, “Software Defect Reduction Top Ten List,”
IEEE Computer34 (January 2001), pp. 135–37.
[Bush, 1990] M. BUSH, “Improving Software Quality: The Use of Formal Inspections at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory,”Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Software Engineering ,
Nice, France, March 1990, IEEE, pp. 196–99.
[Ciolkowski, Laitenberger, and Biffl , 2003] M. CIOLKOWSKI, O. LAITENBERGER, S. BIFFL, “Software
Reviews, the State of the Practice,”IEEE Software20 (November–December 2003), pp. 46–51.
[Damian and Chisan, 2006] D. DAMIAN AND J. CHISAN, “An Empirical Study of the Complex Relationships between Requirements Engineering Processes and Other Processes that Lead to Payoffs
in Productivity, Quality, and Risk Management,”IEEETransactions on Software Engineering32
(July 2006), pp. 433–53.
[DeMillo, Lipton, and Perlis, 1979] R. A. DEMILLO, R. J. LIPTON, AND A. J. PERLIS, “Social Processes and Proofs of Theorems and Programs,”Communications of the ACM22 (May 1979),
pp. 271–80.
[DeMillo, Lipton, and Sayward, 1978] R. A. DEMILLO, R. J. LIPTON, AND F. G. SAYWARD, “Hints
on Test Data Selection: Help for the Practicing Programmer,”IEEE Computer11 (April 1978),
pp. 34–43.
[Denger and Shull, 2007] C. DENGER AND F. SHULL, “A Practical Approach for Quality-Driven Inspections,”IEEE Software24 (March–April 2007), pp. 79–86.
[Dijkstra, 1968] E. W. DIJKSTRA, “A Constructive Approach to the Problem of Program Correctness,”
BIT8 (No. 3, 1968), pp. 174–86.
[Dijkstra, 1972] E. W. DIJKSTRA, “The Humble Programmer,”Communications of the ACM15
(October 1972), pp. 859–66.
[Dunsmore, Roper, and Wood, 2003] A. DUNSMORE, M. ROPER, AND M. WOOD, “The Development
and Evaluation of Three Diverse Techniques for Object-Oriented Code Inspection,”IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering29 (August 2003), pp. 677–86.
[Fagan, 1976] M. E. FAGAN, “Design and Code Inspections to Reduce Errors in Program Development,”IBM Systems Journal15 (No. 3, 1976), pp. 182–211.
[Fagan, 1986] M. E. FAGAN, “Advances in Software Inspections,”IEEE Transactions on Software
Engineering SE-12 (July 1986), pp. 744–51.
[Fowler, 1986] P. J. FOWLER, “In-Process Inspections of Workproducts at AT&T,”AT&T Technical
Journal65 (March–April 1986), pp. 102–12.
[Freimut, Briand, and Vollei, 2005] B. FREIMUT, L. C. BRIAND, AND F. VOLLEI, “Determining Inspection Cost-Effectiveness by Combining Project Data and Expert Opinion,”IEEE Transactions on
Software Engineering31 (December 2005), pp. 1074–92.
[Fu, Milanova, Ryder, Wonnacott, 2005] C. FU, A. MILANOVA, B. G. RYDER, AND D. G. WONNACOTT,
“Robustness Testing of Java Server Applications,”IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
31 (April 2005), pp. 292–311.
[Gelperin and Hetzel, 1988] D. GELPERIN AND B. HETZEL, “The Growth of Software Testing,”Communications of the ACM31 (June 1988), pp. 687–95.
[Goodenough, 1979] J. B. GOODENOUGH, “A Survey of Program Testing Issues,” in:Research
Directions in Software Technology , P. Wegner (Editor), The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1979,
pp. 316–40.
[Goodenough and Gerhart, 1975] J. B. GOODENOUGH AND S. L. GERHART, “Toward a Theory of Test
Data Selection,”Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Reliable Software , Los
Angeles, 1975, pp. 493–510; also published inIEEE Transactions on Software EngineeringSE-1
sch76183_ch06_154-182.indd 180 04/06/10 1:28 PM
Chapter 6 Testing 181
(June 1975), pp. 156–73. Revised version: J. B. Goodenough and S. L. Gerhart, “Toward a Theory
of Test Data Selection: Data Selection Criteria,” in:Current Trends in Programming Methodology,
Vol. 2, R. T. Yeh (Editor), Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1977, pp. 44–79.
[Hatton, 2008] L. HATTON, “Testing the Value of Chec

Kết quả (Anh) 1:

Key Terms correctness 166 167 correctness proof defect 155 175 desk check error 155 163 execution-based testing failure 155 155 fault fault density 162 Effi ciency detection fault 162 162 fault detection rate of 160 follow-up inspection 159 162 inspection rate loop invariant 169 156 Managerial independence Mean Time Between Failures 164 06/04/10 1:28 PM sch76183_ch06_154-182.indd 177 178 Software Engineering Concepts Part A mean time to repair 164 155 mistake model checking 174 160 moderator non-execution-based testing 157 159 overview 165 performance Preparation 159 quality 156 160 reader recorder 160 176 regression testing reliability 164 160 rework robustness 165 164 simulator software quality assurance (SQA) 156 175 systematic testing ow test workfl 155 155 testing utility 164 V 155 V & 155 validation verifi cation 155 Problems 6.1 How are the termscorrectness proving, verifi cation, andvalidation used in this book? 6.2 A software development organization employs 91 software professionals time, including 18 managers, all of Whom develop software as well as tests. Fi gures show of which 26 percent is spent on of time Activities testing them. The average cost to the company: Annual of a manager is $ 162,000, $ 121,000 on average cost was nonmanagerial professionals a year; the fi gures include overhead. Use benefi t analysis to decide if a cost-sharing SQA group set up in so organization. 6.3 Repeat the cost-benefi t analysis of Problem 6.2 for a fi rm with only eight software professionals, including three managers. Fi gures assume other that Remain unchanged. 6.4 You are testing a code for 11 days and found artifact two faults. What does this tell you about the Existence of other faults? 6.5 What are the similarities between a walkthrough and an inspection? What are the Differences? 6.6 You are a member of the SQA group at Ye Olde Fashioned Software. You Suggest to Inspections that của manager be introduced. He responds no reason why an interior SEES four people shouldnt waste time looking for faults when one person can have on the Test Cases tremor same piece of code. How do you Respond? 6.7 You are the SQA Manager at Farm and Field, a national chain of 1 539 farm supply stores. Your organization is considering buying a stock-control package for use throughout the organization. Before authorizing the purchase of the package, you decide to test it thoroughly. What properties of the package Investigate do you? 6.8 All 1539 stores in the Farm and Field organization are now to be connected by a communications network. A Sales Representative is offering you a 6-week free trial to experiment with the communications package he is trying sell you. What sort of software would you perform tests and why? 6.9 You are a rear admiral in the Navy Valerian print charge of Developing the software for Controlling the ship-to-ship missile of Problem 1.4. The software has Been Delivered to you for acceptance testing. What Properties of the software do you test? 6:10 So after code fragment: k = 0; g = 1; while (k <n) { k = k + 1; g = g * k; } sch76183_ch06_154-182.indd 178 4/6/10 1:28 PM Chapter 6179 Testing this code fragment computes g = n Prove That right! n is a positive integer if. 6:11 So the code fragment: m = 1; q ​​= 2; while (m <n) { m = m + 1; q ​​= q * 2; } Prove that this strict code fragment computes q = 2n if n ∈ {1, 2, 3 ,. . . }. 6:12 solve Can the problem proving correctness that product to the client Delivered as tại not be what the client really needs? Give Reasons for your answer. 6:13 How shouldnt Dijkstra's statement (Section 6.3) be changed to apply to correctness rather Proofs coal testing? Bear Print mind the mini case study of Section 6.5.2. 6:14 Design and implements a solution to the problem Naur text-processing (Section 6.5.2) using the language specifi ed by the instructor. Execute test data and record it with the number of faults and the cause, you fi nd, of each fault (eg, logic fault, fault loop counter). Do not correct any of the faults you detect. Now with a fellow exchange student and see how many products you fi nds of faults each other's product and in the if or not they are new faults. Again record the cause,, of each fault and compare the fault types found by each of you. tabulate the results for the class as a whole. 6:15 Why is there a need Distinguish Between a big fault, a failure, and an error? Surely the use of the umbrella termdefect SIMPLIFIED es matters? Give an example of a software product successfully maintained for 6:16 but already many years, but has lost its usefulness and superseded by Having a totally different product. 6:17 (Term Project) Explain how you would test the utility, reliability, robustness, performance, and correctness of the Chocoholics Anonymous in Appendix A. product 6:18 (print readings Software Engineering) Your instructor will distribute copies of [Ostrand, Weyuker, and Bell, 2005]. What is your view on using regression models to predict fault numbers and locations? Justify your answer của of. References [Aberdour, 2007] M. Aberdour, "Achieving Quality Open-Source Software print, "IEEE Software24 (January-February 2007), pp. 58-64. [Ackerman, Buchwald, and Lewski, 1989] AF ACKERMAN, LS Buchwald, AND FH LEWSKI, "Software Inspections: An Effective verifi cation Process," IEEE Software6 (May 1989), pp. 31-36. [Ammann and Offutt, 2008] P. AMMANN AND J. Offutt, Introduction to Software Testing, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2008. [Beizer, 1990] B. Bezier, Software Testing Techniques, 2nd ed. , Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1990. [Berry and Wing, 1985] JM WING AND BERRY DM, "Specifying and Prototyping: Some Thoughts on Why They Are Successful, "in: Formal Methods and Software Development, Proceedings of the International Joint Theory and Practice of Software Development Conference on, Vol. 2, Springer-VERLAG, Berlin, 1985, pp. 117-28. sch76183_ch06_154-182.indd 06/04/10 1:28 PM 179 180 Part A Software Engineering Concepts [Boehm and Basili, 2001] B. VR AND BASILI Boehm, "Defect Reduction Software Top Ten List," IEEE Computer34 (January 2001), pp. 135-37. [Bush, 1990] M. BUSH, "Improving Software Quality: The Use of Formal Inspections at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory," Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Software Engineering, Nice, France, March 1990, IEEE, pp. 196-99. [Ciolkowski, Laitenberger, and Biffl, 2003] M. CIOLKOWSKI, O. Laitenberger, S. BIFFL, "Software Reviews, the State of the Practice, "IEEE Software20 (November-December 2003), pp. 46-51. [Damian and Chisan, 2006] D. Damian J. AND Chisan, "An Empirical Study of the Complex Relationships Between Requirements Engineering Processes and Other Processes Lead to payoffs that print Productivity, Quality, and Risk Management, "on Software IEEETransactions Engineering32 (July 2006), pp. 433-53. [DeMillo, Lipton, and Perlis, 1979] RA DEMILLO, RJ LIPTON, AND AJ Perlis, "Social Processes and Proofs of Theorems and Programs," Communications of the ACM22 (May 1979), pp. 271-80. [DeMillo, Lipton , and Sayward, 1978] RA DEMILLO, RJ LIPTON, AND FG SAYWARD, "Hints on Test Data Selection: Help for the Practicing Programmer, "IEEE Computer11 (April 1978), pp. 34-43. [Denger and Shull, 2007] AND F. Denger C. Shull, "A Practical Approach for Quality-Driven Inspections," IEEE Software24 (March-April 2007), pp. 79-86. [Dijkstra 1968] EW Dijkstra, "A Constructive Approach to the Problem of Program correctness, " BIT8 (No. 3, 1968), pp. 174-86. [Dijkstra, 1972] EW Dijkstra, "The Humble Programmer," Communications of the ACM15 (October 1972), pp. 859-66. [Dunsmore, Roper, and Wood, 2003] A. DUNSMORE, M. ROPER, AND M. WOOD, "The Development and Evaluation of Three Techniques for Object-Oriented Diverse Inspection Code, "IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering29 (August 2003), pp. 677-86. [Fagan, 1976] ME Fagan, "Design and Code Inspections to Reduce Errors print Development Program," IBM Systems Journal15 (No. 3, 1976), pp. 182-211. [Fagan, 1986] ME Fagan, "Advances in Software Inspections," IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering SE-12 (July 1986), pp. 744-51. [Fowler, 1986] PJ FOWLER, "In-Process Inspections of Workproducts at AT & T," AT & T Technical Journal65 (March-April 1986), pp . 102-12. [Freimut, Briand, and Vollei, 2005] B. FREIMUT, LC BRIAND, AND F. VOLLEI, "Cost-Effectiveness Inspection decided by Combining Data and Expert Opinion Project," IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering31 (December 2005), pp. 1074-92. [Fu, Milanova, Ryder, Wonnacott, 2005] C. FU, A. MILANOVA, BG RYDER, AND DG WONNACOTT, "Robustness Testing of Java Server Applications," IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 31 (April 2005), pp. 292-311. [Gelperin and Hetzel, 1988] D. GELPERIN AND B. Hetzel, "The Growth of Software Testing," Communications of the ACM31 (June 1988), pp. 687-95. [Goodenough, 1979] JB Goodenough, "A Survey of Program Testing Issues," in: Research Directions Print Software Technology, P. Wegner (Editor), The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1979, pp. 316-40. [Goodenough and Gerhart, 1975] JB Goodenough AND SL Gerhart, "Toward a Theory of Test Data Selection, "Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Reliable Software, Los Angeles, 1975, pp. 493-510; Transactions on Software inIEEE also published EngineeringSE-1 04/06/10 1:28 PM sch76183_ch06_154-182.indd 180 Chapter 6 Testing 181 (June 1975 ), pp. 156-73. Revised version: JB Goodenough and Gerhart SL, "Toward a Theory of Test Data Selection: Selection Criteria Data, "in: Current Trends in Programming Methodology, Vol. 2, RT Yeh (Editor), Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1977, pp. 44-79. [Hatton, 2008] L. HATTON, "Testing the Value of Chec

Kết quả (Anh) 2:

Key Terms correctness 166
167 correctness proof
defect 155
175 desk check
error 155
163 execution-based testing
failure 155
155 fault
fault density 162
Effi ciency detection fault 162
162 fault detection rate
of 160 follow-up
inspection 159
162 inspection rate
loop invariant 169
156 Managerial independence
Mean Time Between
Failures 164
06/04/10 1:28 PM sch76183_ch06_154-182.indd 177
178 Software Engineering Concepts Part A
mean time to repair 164
155 mistake
model checking 174
160 moderator
non-execution-based testing
157
159 overview
165 performance
Preparation 159
quality 156
160 reader
recorder 160
176 regression testing
reliability 164
160 rework
robustness 165
164 simulator
software quality assurance
(SQA) 156
175 systematic testing
ow test workfl 155
155 testing
utility 164
V 155 V &
155 validation
verifi cation 155
Problems 6.1 How are the termscorrectness proving, verifi cation, andvalidation used in this book?
6.2 A software development organization employs 91 software professionals time, including 18 managers, all of Whom develop software as well as tests. Fi gures show of which
26 percent is spent on of time Activities testing them. The average cost to the company: Annual of
a manager is $ 162,000, $ 121,000 on average cost was nonmanagerial professionals a year;
the fi gures include overhead. Use benefi t analysis to decide if a cost-sharing SQA
group set up in so organization.
6.3 Repeat the cost-benefi t analysis of Problem 6.2 for a fi rm with only eight software professionals, including three managers. Fi gures assume other that Remain unchanged.
6.4 You are testing a code for 11 days and found artifact two faults. What does this tell you
about the Existence of other faults?
6.5 What are the similarities between a walkthrough and an inspection? What are the Differences?
6.6 You are a member of the SQA group at Ye Olde Fashioned Software. You Suggest to Inspections that của manager be introduced. He responds no reason why an interior SEES four people shouldnt
waste time looking for faults when one person can have on the Test Cases tremor same piece of
code. How do you Respond?
6.7 You are the SQA Manager at Farm and Field, a national chain of 1 539 farm supply stores. Your
organization is considering buying a stock-control package for use throughout the organization.
Before authorizing the purchase of the package, you decide to test it thoroughly. What properties of the package Investigate do you?
6.8 All 1539 stores in the Farm and Field organization are now to be connected by a communications network. A Sales Representative is offering you a 6-week free trial to experiment with the
communications package he is trying sell you. What sort of software would you perform tests
and why?
6.9 You are a rear admiral in the Navy Valerian print charge of Developing the software for Controlling
the ship-to-ship missile of Problem 1.4. The software has Been Delivered to you for acceptance
testing. What Properties of the software do you test?
6:10 So after code fragment:
k = 0;
g = 1;
while (k <n)
{
k = k + 1;
g = g * k;
}
sch76183_ch06_154-182.indd 178 4/6/10 1:28 PM
Chapter 6179 Testing
this code fragment computes g = n Prove That right! n is a positive integer if.
6:11 So the code fragment:
m = 1;
q ​​= 2;
while (m <n)
{
m = m + 1;
q ​​= q * 2;
}
Prove that this strict code fragment computes q = 2n if n ∈ {1, 2, 3 ,. . . }.
6:12 solve Can the problem proving correctness that product to the client Delivered as tại not be
what the client really needs? Give Reasons for your answer.
6:13 How shouldnt Dijkstra's statement (Section 6.3) be changed to apply to correctness rather Proofs
coal testing? Bear Print mind the mini case study of Section 6.5.2.
6:14 Design and implements a solution to the problem Naur text-processing (Section 6.5.2) using
the language specifi ed by the instructor. Execute test data and record it with the number of
faults and the cause, you fi nd, of each fault (eg, logic fault, fault loop counter). Do not correct
any of the faults you detect. Now with a fellow exchange student and see how many products
you fi nds of faults each other's product and in the if or not they are new faults. Again
record the cause,, of each fault and compare the fault types found by each of you. tabulate the
results for the class as a whole.
6:15 Why is there a need Distinguish Between a big fault, a failure, and an error? Surely the use of the
umbrella termdefect SIMPLIFIED es matters?
Give an example of a software product successfully maintained for 6:16 but already many years,
but has lost its usefulness and superseded by Having a totally different product.
6:17 (Term Project) Explain how you would test the utility, reliability, robustness, performance, and
correctness of the Chocoholics Anonymous in Appendix A. product
6:18 (print readings Software Engineering) Your instructor will distribute copies of [Ostrand, Weyuker,
and Bell, 2005]. What is your view on using regression models to predict fault numbers and
locations? Justify your answer của of.
References [Aberdour, 2007] M. Aberdour, "Achieving Quality Open-Source Software print, "IEEE Software24
(January-February 2007), pp. 58-64.
[Ackerman, Buchwald, and Lewski, 1989] AF ACKERMAN, LS Buchwald, AND FH LEWSKI,
"Software Inspections: An Effective verifi cation Process," IEEE Software6 (May 1989),
pp. 31-36.
[Ammann and Offutt, 2008] P. AMMANN AND J. Offutt, Introduction to Software Testing, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2008.
[Beizer, 1990] B. Bezier, Software Testing Techniques, 2nd ed. , Van Nostrand Reinhold, New
York, 1990.
[Berry and Wing, 1985] JM WING AND BERRY DM, "Specifying and Prototyping: Some Thoughts
on Why They Are Successful, "in: Formal Methods and Software Development, Proceedings of
the International Joint Theory and Practice of Software Development Conference on, Vol. 2,
Springer-VERLAG, Berlin, 1985, pp. 117-28.
sch76183_ch06_154-182.indd 06/04/10 1:28 PM 179
180 Part A Software Engineering Concepts
[Boehm and Basili, 2001] B. Boehm AND VR BASILI, "Defect Reduction Software Top Ten List,"
IEEE Computer34 (January 2001), pp. 135-37.
[Bush, 1990] M. BUSH, "Improving Software Quality: The Use Formal Inspections of at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, "Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Software Engineering,
Nice, France, March 1990, IEEE, pp. 196-99.
[Ciolkowski, Laitenberger, and Biffl, 2003] M. CIOLKOWSKI, O . Laitenberger, S. BIFFL, "Software
Reviews, the State of the Practice, "IEEE Software20 (November-December 2003), pp. 46-51.
[Damian and Chisan, 2006] D. Damian AND J. Chisan, "An Empirical Study of the Complex Relationships Between Requirements Engineering Processes and Other Processes Lead to payoffs that
print Productivity, Quality, and Risk Management, "on Software IEEETransactions Engineering32
(July 2006), pp. 433-53.
[DeMillo, Lipton, and Perlis, 1979] RA DEMILLO, RJ LIPTON, AND AJ Perlis, "Social Processes and Proofs of Theorems and Programs," Communications of the ACM22 (May 1979),
pp. 271-80.
[DeMillo, Lipton, and Sayward, 1978] RA DEMILLO , RJ LIPTON, AND FG SAYWARD, "Hints
on Test Data Selection: Help for the Practicing Programmer, "IEEE Computer11 (April 1978),
pp. 34-43.
[Denger and Shull, 2007] C. Denger AND F. Shull, "A Practical Approach for Quality-Driven Inspections," IEEE Software24 (March-April 2007), pp. 79-86.
[Dijkstra 1968] EW Dijkstra, "A Constructive Approach to the Problem of Program correctness,"
BIT8 (No. 3, 1968), pp. 174-86.
[Dijkstra, 1972] EW Dijkstra, "The Humble Programmer," Communications of the ACM15
(October 1972), pp. 859-66.
[Dunsmore, Roper, and Wood, 2003] A. DUNSMORE, M. ROPER, AND M. WOOD, "The Development
and Evaluation of Three Techniques for Object-Oriented Diverse Inspection Code, "IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering29 (August 2003), pp. 677-86.
[Fagan, 1976 ] ME Fagan, "Design and Code Inspections to Reduce Errors print Development Program," IBM Systems Journal15 (No. 3, 1976), pp. 182-211.
[Fagan, 1986] ME Fagan, "Advances in Software Inspections," IEEE Transactions on Software
Engineering SE-12 (July 1986), pp. 744-51.
[Fowler, 1986] PJ FOWLER, "In-Process Inspections of Workproducts at AT & T," AT & T Technical
Journal65 (March-April 1986) , pp. 102-12.
[Freimut, Briand, and Vollei, 2005] B. FREIMUT, LC BRIAND, AND F. VOLLEI, "Cost-Effectiveness Inspection decided by Combining Data and Expert Opinion Project," IEEE Transactions on
Software Engineering31 ( December 2005), pp. 1074-92.
[Fu, Milanova, Ryder, Wonnacott, 2005] C. FU, A. MILANOVA, BG RYDER, AND DG WONNACOTT,
"Robustness Testing of Java Server Applications," IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
31 (April 2005), pp. 292-311.
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Chapter 6 Testing 181
(June 1975), pp. 156-73. Revised version: JB Goodenough and Gerhart SL, "Toward a Theory
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[Hatton, 2008] L. HATTON, "Testing the Value of Chec

Kết quả (Anh) 3:

关键术语的正确性166
正确性证明167
缺损155
台检查175
错误155
执行测试的163
故障155故障155故障162

密度
故障检测效率162
故障检测率162
随访160
检查159
检查率162
循环不变169
管理独立156
平均时间之间的
失败164
sch76183_ch06_154-182.indd 177 04 / 06 / 10 1：28日下午
178部分软件工程的概念
平均修复时间164
错误155
模型检验174
主持人160
非执行为基础的测试
157
概述159
性能165
准备159
质量156
读者160
记录器160
回归测试176
可靠性164
返工160
鲁棒性165
164

模拟器软件质量保证（SQA）156
系统测试175
试验155试验155
workfl超重
实用164
V&V 155
验证155
验证155
问题6.1如何在termscorrectness证明、验证，本书所用的工作吗？6.2一个软件开发组织目前拥有91名软件专业人员，其中包括18名管理人员，所有的人都在开发和测试软件。最新数据显示，
FI百分之26的时间都花在测试活动上。每年的平均费用为
经理公司是162000美元，而非管理人员成本平均每年121000美元；
FI数据包括架空。使用成本–效益分析以确定是否一个独立的SQA
集团内部应建立的组织。
6.3重复成本–效益问题分析6。2对于一个只有八软件专业企业，其中管理人员三。假设其它情况不变。
6.4你已11天测试，发现两故障代码项目。这是什么告诉你有关其他故障的存在？
演练和检验之间的相似性是6.5个什么东西？有什么区别？6。6你在古色古香的老式软件SQA小组的成员。你向你的经理建议检验被介绍的。他回应说，他认为没有理由四人应该浪费自己的时间寻找错误，当一个人可以在同一块代码运行测试案例。你如何回应？
6.7你是在农场和领域SQA经理，全国1539个农场供应连锁店。你的公司正在考虑购买一个库存控制软件包，在整个组织中使用。你的包是什么性质的？在农场和现场组织中，1539家6.8家商店都被一家通信网络连接。一个销售代表，为你提供一周免费试用实验与
通信包他想卖给你。你能做什么样的软件测试？为什么？
6.9你在研究控制
的舰对舰导弹的问题1.4软件负责缬草海军少将。该软件已交付给你接受测试。你测试的软件是什么属性？
6.10考虑下面的代码片断：
k = 0；
G = 1；
而（k＜n）
{
K = K 1；
G = G×K；
}
sch76183_ch06_154-182.indd 178 04 / 06 / 10下午1:28
6章测试179
证明此代码片段正确计算G = N！如果是正整数，则6.11考虑下面的代码片段：1，= 2，而（平方<正））Q = Q×2；
}
证明此代码片段正确计算q = 2n如果n∈{ 1，2，3，。..｝6.12可以正确性证明解决了产品交付给客户的问题可能不是客户真正需要的是什么？给出你回答的理由。
6.13如何Dijkstra的声明（第6.3节）改为适用性证明而
比测试？记住第6.5.2微型案例研究。
6.14设计和实现解决方案的范式文本处理问题（第6.5.2）使用的语言
指定由你的导师。执行它对测试数据和记录的数目，您的连接故障和故障的原因（例如，逻辑故障，循环计数器故障）。不正确的，你发现的任何错误。现在交换产品的一个同学，看到多少
故障你们每个人发现在其他的产品，是否有新的故障。再次记录每个故障的原因，并比较每个故障类型的故障类型。把该类的
结果作为一个整体。
6.15为什么要区分错误，失败，和一个错误吗？肯定的使用伞termdefect simplifi ES的事吗？
6.16给一个软件产品，多年来一直成功地保持了一个例子，
但已经失去了效用，已由一个完全不同的产品所取代。
6.17（项目）解释你如何测试的效用，可靠性，健壮性，性能，和
附录A中的6
chocoholics匿名产品的正确性。18（软件工程中的读数）你的老师会分配[奥斯托兰得，
Weyuker份，贝尔，2005 ]。使用回归模型来预测故障数和位置？证明你的答案。
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